Thermodynamics, Energy Dissipation, and Figures of Merit of Energy Storage Systems—A Critical Review

The path to the mitigation of global climate change and carbon dioxide emissions avoidance leads large-scale substitution fossil fuels for generation electricity with renewable energy sources. transition renewables necessitates development storage systems that will satisfy hourly demand consumers. This paper offers an overview are available assist energy. classified as mechanical (PHS, CAES, flywheels, springs), electromagnetic (capacitors, electric magnetic fields), electrochemical (batteries, including flow batteries), hydrogen thermal systems. Emphasis is placed on magnitude each system able achieve, thermodynamic characteristics, particular applications suitable for, pertinent figures merit dissipation during charging discharging